![]() ![]() ![]() The implications for black holes and the Big Bang were developed by Hawking in a series of papers collated in the 1973 monograph The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time (Cambridge University Press), co-authored with George Ellis, a near-contemporary who had also been a student of Sciama. These showed that generic gravitational collapse would lead to singularities - infinities that signal the need for new physics. The general theory of relativity was at that time undergoing a renaissance, initiated in part by Roger Penrose at Birkbeck College, London, who had introduced new mathematical techniques. He began his research career in 1962, enrolling as a graduate student in a group at the University of Cambridge led by one of the fathers of modern cosmology, Dennis Sciama. After attending St Albans School near London, he earned a first-class degree in physics from the University of Oxford. Hawking, who died on 14 March 2018, was born in Oxford, UK, in 1942 to a medical-researcher father and a philosophy-graduate mother. ![]() Against all expectations, he lived on for 55 years, becoming one of the world’s most celebrated scientists. When Stephen Hawking was diagnosed with motor-neuron disease at the age of 21, it wasn’t clear that he would finish his PhD. Stephen Hawking in Cambridge, January 1993. ![]()
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